Define Fossilisation

  Before looking at the methods or approaches themselves, there are some terms that we need to define. These are the approach, the method or the technique. Basically, these are hierarchical. The approach is an overriding set of principles that a method can actually make use of, whereas the technique are the things that we actually do in the classroom to approach that method. So, these three words are going to appear during the presentation. Again, for each of either the approaches all the methodologies we're going to ask four questions. So be it an approach or a method for each of those things: Where did it come from? What's its background? What does it involve when we're talking about actually in the classroom, in other words techniques? What is positive about it? What appears to...  [Read more]

Phonetics has been defined by Roach (1992) as the 'scientific study of speech' (Roach, 1992: 81.) It is concerned with how speech sounds are formed, how we use them in our spoken language and how we can record these speech sounds using written symbols. Phonology on the other hand has been defined by Roach (1992) as 'the study of the sound systems of languages' (Roach, 1992: 82.) According to Roca and Johnson (1999), the way in which we speak is somewhat similar to playing a recorder. This is because when you play a recorder you have to blow air from your lungs, as you do when you speak. However, to play a tune, you cannot simply blow air into the recorder; you must have your fingers over specific holes. Therefore, when we speak, we have to interfere with the air that comes out...  [Read more]

The Cambridge online dictionary defines culture as ‘the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time’. Education, and thus teaching, are widely believed to one of the most fundamental and essential elements in human life. Therefore cultural awareness in the education environment is of paramount importance. To effectively communicate in any classroom, the students must feel both at ease with, and a sense of respect for, their teacher. To achieve this, the teacher must be aware of the norms, customs and beliefs which have nurtured the minds and personalities of those he or she intends to educate. Any offence or disrespect caused would be of detriment to the crucial rapport building and mutual respect. As ...  [Read more]

These days, nearly every economic, political and social development is defined by its association with the broad-based phenomenon commonly identified as globalization. Understandably, economic integration favors standardization, and historical circumstance has led to the adoption of English as the primary language of international commerce. Consequently, the differences between British and American English should be of interest, if only for the historic role that these two nations have played in the unprecedented proliferation of a single language. Due to the limitations of this essay, three distinct elements of language will be discussed: vocabulary; grammar; and pronunciation.Perhaps the most understandable distinctions between British and American English are the...  [Read more]

Game can be generally defined that something played for fun an activity that people participate in, together or on their own, for fun.As well as in teaching because of the evolution of teaching the generation changes so the needs in teaching also changes and this is how the games recognized and included in most of lesson plans and activities inside the teaching portfolio.´Games have been shown to have advantages and effectiveness in learning vocabulary in various ways. First, games bring in relaxation and fun for students, thus help them learn and retain new words more easily. Second, games usually involve friendly competition and they keep learners interested. These create the motivation for learners of English to get involved and ...  [Read more]

Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligences, in which he defines 7 different ways that people are intelligent, has become a driving force in educational theory in the English Speaking world. Personal experience in a Master's Degree in Elementary Education program with the University of Phoenix revealed that virtually every class which contained a lesson planning element required that the various intelligences be addressed in lessons. A Google search on 'ESL and Multiple Intelligences' conducted on June 8, 2006 returned approximately 450,000 internet articles on Multiple Intelligences in teaching English as a Foreign Language alone. The theory is certainly popular, and is used in training teachers and parents alike in educating their children.But does the idea that there are...  [Read more]

Imagine you are an ESL student who has studied quite hard. You have followed your courses; you have been actively participating in class activities and discussions; you have completed all assignments; you have read your texts. In fact, you feel quite prepared to travel to the English speaking world and use your English skills quite confidently. Your assumption is a logical one. You have had no indication that the proper English you have been taught is missing a large piece of the language: idioms and slang. When you arrive in the new country, you understand most of the conversations but have quite a hard time understanding seemingly nonsensical phrases and words. This is not a situation that should occur. Teachers of English that are native speakers have all the...  [Read more]

Learning is the process of gaining or acquiring knowledge while technique comes from the Latin word technicus which means execution or performance of some artistic work or a scientific procedure being used [Orford American Dictionary, Mac OS X dashboard]. So ?learning technique? is the art or even the science of acquiring knowledge. How do we make learning scientific? Experts have come up with some ideas. First, they have isolated different learning techniques. Second, they have defined the qualities of those people using such techniques. Third, they have constructed tests to determine individual learning techniques. Oxford (1990) has defined 6 learning strategies or techniques: 1 Cognitive strategies allow the learner to manipulate language material in direct ways:...  [Read more]

Learning is the process of gaining or acquiring knowledge while technique comes from the Latin word technicus which means execution or performance of some artistic work or a scientific procedure being used [Orford American Dictionary, Mac OS X dashboard]. So 'learning technique' is the art or even the science of acquiring knowledge.How do we make learning scientific' Experts have come up with some ideas. First, they have isolated different learning techniques. Second, they have defined the qualities of those people using such techniques. Third, they have constructed tests to determine individual learning techniques. Oxford (1990) has defined 6 learning strategies or techniques:1 Cognitive strategies allow the learner to manipulate language material in direct ways: through...  [Read more]

Understanding the nuances of Australian cultural identity is a multifaceted journey that delves into the rich tapestry of traditions, beliefs, and values that define this diverse nation. From the iconic landscapes of the Outback to the vibrant urban centers, Australia embodies a unique blend of indigenous heritage, colonial history, and multicultural influences. By exploring the key elements that shape Australian culture, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the country's identity and foster meaningful connections with its people. To truly grasp the essence of Australian cultural identity, it is essential to examine the historical and social forces that have shaped the nation over time. From the ancient traditions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples to the waves of migration...  [Read more]

In consideration of whether or not teachers of English as a second language should teach slang or idioms in class, or rather, why English teachers should teach idioms or slang, I did some research on the internet regarding this particular topic. For the most part, I found one David Burke's article on the subject to be most informative (Burke, 1). I have formed my own opinion on the matter, which I will discuss at length later in this essay.First, it is constructive to define exactly what slang words and idioms are, to differentiate between the two as well as to be completely precise in this pursuit. Dictionary.com defines an idiom as 'an expression whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its constituent elements' (dictionary.com, 1). In contrast, slang is...  [Read more]

Celta de Vigo: A Journey Through Time 1. The Origins of Celta de Vigo 2. Rise to Prominence 3. Challenges Faced 4. Modern-Day Success Celta de Vigo, a club steeped in history and tradition, has undergone a remarkable evolution since its inception. From humble beginnings to competing on the grandest stages of European football, the club's journey is a testament to perseverance, passion, and unwavering dedication. Join us as we delve into the fascinating evolution of Celta de Vigo and uncover the secrets behind its enduring legacy. Celta de Vigo was founded in 1923 by a group of forward-thinking individuals who shared a common love for the beautiful game. Initially known as Real Club Celta de Vigo, the team quickly established itself as a force to be reckoned with in the Spanish footballing...  [Read more]

Navigating Through a Foreign-Language-Classroom: Non-Verbal Vocalics Teaching in a foreign country and to students that do not understand English poses as a tedious endeavor. Innately we as humans tend to gravitate towards people like ourselves, thus when a TEFL teacher enters a classroom full of students from a different culture the work that is entailed to teach is abundant. Not only must the teacher propose a lesson, they must also embark on communicating with their students. Nevertheless that communication is of utmost difficulty; not only are the students from a different culture, they also speak a different language. Therefore, a sense of understanding must arise between the student and the teacher? lack of language. Consequently the communication that goes on...  [Read more]

Navigating Through a Foreign-Language-Classroom:Non-Verbal VocalicsTeaching in a foreign country and to students that do not understand English poses as a tedious endeavor. Innately we as humans tend to gravitate towards people like ourselves, thus when a TEFL teacher enters a classroom full of students from a different culture the work that is entailed to teach is abundant. Not only must the teacher propose a lesson, they must also embark on communicating with their students. Nevertheless that communication is of utmost difficulty; not only are the students from a different culture, they also speak a different language. Therefore, a sense of understanding must arise between the student and the teacher' lack of language. Consequently the communication that goes on between the two...  [Read more]

Experience the bustling streets of Ho Chi Minh City, where the tantalizing aroma of street food fills the air and beckons you to indulge in a culinary adventure like no other. Dive into a world of flavors, textures, and spices that define the heart and soul of Vietnamese cuisine. From savory pho to crispy banh mi, the vibrant street food scene in Ho Chi Minh City offers a feast for the senses that will leave you craving for more. Embark on a journey through the bustling streets of Ho Chi Minh City, where every corner offers a new culinary delight waiting to be savored. Sample the iconic dishes that have put Vietnamese cuisine on the map, from the fragrant broth of pho to the savory delights of banh xeo. Whether you're a seasoned foodie or a curious traveler, the vibrant street food scene...  [Read more]

Motivation is a paramount factor in determining the success or failure of learning. Very often, students drag themselves to school and find it a chore to study, worse still take on a second language ?C English. As a non native speaker myself, switching from characters into roman letters was an uphill battle. However, ?? want to dispel the myth that learning English is easy and fun for non-native speakers and the secret to it is pure motivation. According to the dictionary, motivation is defined as a reason or cause of action. It can be categorized into extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors such as rewards and punishment are the common methods in motivating students. If a student does well, the individual is rewarded positively with gifts, money and...  [Read more]

  Neil took the in-class TEFL course with TEFL International in Zhuhai, China. In this TEFL review video, Neil points out what was covered in the course including grammar, pronunciation as well as the practical side of teaching. He found the trainers encouraged him to put what he was learning into practice in the classroom. Below you can read feedback from an ITTT graduate regarding one section of their online TEFL certification course. Each of our online courses is broken down into concise units that focus on specific areas of English language teaching. This convenient, highly structured design means that you can quickly get to grips with each section before moving onto the next. In this unit i have learnt:↵1) Course contet- how the whole course is composed and...  [Read more]

Delving into the vibrant cultural tapestry of Beijing offers a fascinating insight into the city's rich history and traditions. From ancient ceremonies to modern-day rituals, Beijing's customs are deeply rooted in its heritage and continue to play a significant role in the lives of its inhabitants. Let's take a closer look at some of the traditional customs that make Beijing a unique and captivating destination. 1. **Traditional Festivals and Celebrations:** Beijing is home to a myriad of traditional festivals and celebrations that reflect its diverse cultural influences. From the colorful Spring Festival to the lively Dragon Boat Festival, each event is steeped in history and tradition. These celebrations provide a glimpse into the customs and beliefs of the people of Beijing, showcasing...  [Read more]

We both strongly believe that motivating EFL students is one of the most important ingredients to successfully teaching English to foreign language students. The Encyclopaedia Britannica defines motivation as factors within a human being or other animal which arouse & direct goal orientated behaviour. Our research article is presented from an EFL teacher's standpoint. We believe all humans have the same ability to achieve success, but the one big difference that affects the degree of success is an individuals belief in themselves. This is the first key to motivation. The subconscious mind is one of the most powerful instruments in the universe. It can not tell the difference between fact & fiction. It will believe anything you or anyone else tells it. Your brain is...  [Read more]

  Below you can read feedback from an ITTT graduate regarding one section of their online TEFL certification course. Each of our online courses is broken down into concise units that focus on specific areas of English language teaching. This convenient, highly structured design means that you can quickly get to grips with each section before moving onto the next. This unit features shows how course books and lesson materials are used in a lesson. Authentic and creative materials are defined, examples of these provided and we see why teachers should include them as teaching aids. ↵↵Then the following points pertaining course books are considered: various books and materials used by students and teachers in an English course, advantages and disadvantages, how...  [Read more]

  Below you can read feedback from an ITTT graduate regarding one section of their online TEFL certification course. Each of our online courses is broken down into concise units that focus on specific areas of English language teaching. This convenient, highly structured design means that you can quickly get to grips with each section before moving onto the next. This unit has given a basic introduction to this course, information on the remaining 5 units is given. the details of the course have been clearly explained. the general terminology for business English has been given with the full forms, so very clear if in future I come across these. the details for teaching English for a specific purpose have clearly been defined and also what are our future prospects once...  [Read more]

  Below you can read feedback from an ITTT graduate regarding one section of their online TEFL certification course. Each of our online courses is broken down into concise units that focus on specific areas of English language teaching. This convenient, highly structured design means that you can quickly get to grips with each section before moving onto the next. In this unit, we learned about how the major participation of a teacher should be like with students in several ways like which songs or activity should be used to provoke students to get excited, the stories with a deep interest and suspense which makes the students to create more interest in it, those games which you used to enjoy yourself in your childhood and present those games to students in a well...  [Read more]

  In this episode, we cover the pronunciation of the word rationale. This word is used as a noun and describes the reasons or the logical explanation for an action or a certain belief. Some synonyms for rationale include reasoning, thinking and logic. The word rationale comes from the modern Latin word rationalis meaning ‘endowed with reason’. Below you can read feedback from an ITTT graduate regarding one section of their online TEFL certification course. Each of our online courses is broken down into concise units that focus on specific areas of English language teaching. This convenient, highly structured design means that you can quickly get to grips with each section before moving onto the next. I learned that using concepts like "interrogative" and "negative"...  [Read more]

Uncovering Cebu's Rich Cultural Heritage with ITTT Cebu, known as the Queen City of the South, is a vibrant province in the Philippines that boasts a rich cultural heritage deeply rooted in history. From its storied past as the cradle of Christianity in the country to its diverse mix of influences from Spanish, American, and indigenous cultures, Cebu stands as a living testament to the resilience and creativity of its people. Join ITTT as we embark on a journey to explore the hidden gems and cultural treasures that make Cebu a must-visit destination for travelers seeking to immerse themselves in the essence of the Philippines. 1. **Discovering Cebu's Historical Landmarks** 2. **Embracing Cebu's Culinary Delights** 3. **Immersing in Cebu's Festivals and Traditions** 4. **Preserving Cebu's...  [Read more]

In a traditional English language classroom the student?s curriculum focuses on grammar, reading, vocabulary and rigid repetitive drills. The majority of students I have spoken with find this method to be very dull and boring. If students are not interested in the subject being taught they will lack attention and motivation to learn the language. Language is used primarily to communicate with other people. What is the best method to learn a language? Throughout history people have played games to socialize and interact with each other. Therefore it seems reasonable to assume that playing games in a language classroom can only be beneficial. What does a game consist of? I think that games involve play, competition, rules, and enjoyment. The Merriam ? Webster online ...  [Read more]

In a traditional English language classroom the student’s curriculum focuses on grammar, reading, vocabulary and rigid repetitive drills. The majority of students I have spoken with find this method to be very dull and boring. If students are not interested in the subject being taught they will lack attention and motivation to learn the language. Language is used primarily to communicate with other people. What is the best method to learn a language' Throughout history people have played games to socialize and interact with each other. Therefore it seems reasonable to assume that playing games in a language classroom can only be beneficial.What does a game consist of' I think that games involve play, competition, rules, and enjoyment. The Merriam – Webster online ...  [Read more]

In today's vibrant and dynamic social scene, finding the perfect spot to unwind and enjoy a night out with friends can be a daunting task. Whether you are a local looking for a new hangout or a visitor eager to explore the city's nightlife, we've got you covered with a curated list of the most popular hip and trendy bars near you. From craft cocktail lounges to lively music venues, there is something for everyone to enjoy. Discover a diverse selection of bars that cater to every taste and preference. Whether you are in the mood for a sophisticated speakeasy, a bustling rooftop bar with stunning city views, or a cozy neighborhood pub with a laid-back atmosphere, our guide will help you find the perfect spot to socialize and have a great time. Immerse yourself in the city's vibrant...  [Read more]

Throughout the ITTT course, the main suggestion for finding supplemental materials is to search through the school's resource library. There are obvious benefits to this: the staff may be able to direct you easily to what you are looking for, the materials can easily be photocopied (if that is an option), and the materials can be chosen as the need arises during the class. However, there is a whole other world of materials available on-line as well. While there are many places where Internet access is impossible, the teacher will probably be aware of this before arriving and could do some preparation and bring ideas and materials with them. For an isolated school, the teacher can also then cheaply and easily provide the resource library with new and updated activities, ...  [Read more]

INTRODUCTIONHow did you learn to speak your native language' Notice, this shouldn´t be such a puzzling question. Do you remember when you learned to tie your shoes, ride a bike, and eat with a fork' Sometimes we can remember a parent helping us to do these things. But have our parents helped us learn to speak our first language' Do you remember when your mother taught you the past tense' When your father laid down the rules for passive sentences' We don´t remember these important moments of our childhood because they never occurred. Sometimes we as adults study for years to acquire a new language. It is then quite wonderful to think that children, by around the age of 5, have more or less mastered their first language, excepting some vocabulary and a few grammatical structures....  [Read more]

1. Understanding the Importance of English Language Courses 2. Practical Tips for Success in English Language Courses 3. Developing Language Skills Through ITTT 4. Conclusion English language courses are essential for individuals looking to enhance their communication skills, advance their careers, or pursue academic opportunities. English is widely recognized as the global language of business, diplomacy, and culture. Proficiency in English opens up a world of possibilities, enabling individuals to connect with people from different backgrounds and cultures. Whether you are a student, professional, or simply looking to improve your language skills, enrolling in an English language course can be a transformative experience. Successfully navigating an English language course requires...  [Read more]